succulence

Succulence is the biological characteristic of plants that store water in specialized, fleshy tissues. Succulent plants typically have thickened leaves or stems that retain water, sometimes accompanied by thickened roots. This adaptation enables survival in environments with limited or highly seasonal rainfall, such as deserts, semi-arid regions, and some Mediterranean climates. Succulent species occur across many plant families, including Cactaceae (cacti), Crassulaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Agavaceae (agaves), and Aizoaceae, among others.

Anatomically, succulents accumulate water in parenchyma cells that swell when hydrated. Many have reduced or absent leaves and a waxy cuticle to minimize water loss. Cacti often concentrate photosynthesis in stems, with spines providing shade and reducing transpiration. CAM (Crassulacean Acid Metabolism) photosynthesis is common among succulents, allowing stomata to open at night to conserve water while still capturing carbon dioxide.

Cultivation and care considerations emphasize well-draining soil and containers, bright light, and infrequent watering. Allow the soil to dry between waterings to prevent root rot. Different species vary in tolerance, but overwatering is a common issue in cultivation. Propagation is frequently achieved through leaf or stem cuttings and, in some species, offsets.

Ecologically and aesthetically, succulents are valued for drought resilience and ornamental appeal. They are used in rock gardens, xeriscaping, and indoor displays. Some succulents have edible or medicinal uses, such as Opuntia pads and Aloe vera gel, though many are grown primarily for ornamental purposes.