Krampusnacht

Krampusnacht, literally "Krampus Night," is a tradition observed in parts of Central Europe on the night of December 5, the eve of Saint Nicholas Day. Central to the customs is Krampus, a horned, shaggy figure who accompanies Saint Nicholas. In many communities, Saint Nicholas visits homes or public events to reward well-behaved children with small gifts, while Krampus is said to punish or frighten those who have misbehaved. The evening is especially associated with the Alpine regions of Austria, southern Germany, Switzerland, and northern Italy.

Origins of Krampus are debated, but the figure is tied to Alpine folk beliefs and to pre-Christian winter traditions. Over time, Krampus became linked with Saint Nicholas in Christianized celebrations, leading to the pair appearing together on the eve of December 5. By the 18th–19th centuries, towns in the region were staging public processions in which people dressed as Krampus.

Traditions and practices often involve large groups of revelers wearing fur costumes, masks, and horns, carrying bells and sticks. In a format known as Krampuslauf, or Krampus runs, participants roam streets, sometimes interacting with spectators, while local authorities regulate crowds and safety. Children in some areas may perform or receive small rewards from Saint Nicholas, whereas misbehaving children are warned or playfully chided by Krampus.

In modern times, Krampusnacht has gained visibility beyond its traditional heartland through tourism, media, and popular culture. While the core motif remains a mixture of reward and punishment, contemporary celebrations vary in tone from festive and family-oriented to theatrical or horror-inspired performances, and some communities impose safety measures or event restrictions.