Krampen

Krampen, or the cramp, refers to sudden, involuntary contractions of skeletal muscles. They are usually painful and transient, lasting from a few seconds to several minutes. The most commonly affected areas are the calves, feet, and thighs, though cramps can occur in any muscle.

Cramps can occur during rest or exercise and are especially common at night. Risk factors include dehydration, electrolyte disturbances (low potassium, calcium, or magnesium), overexertion, prolonged standing or sitting, and pregnancy. Certain medications, such as diuretics or statins, may contribute. Underlying neurological or circulatory conditions can also predispose to cramps.

Diagnosis is usually clinical, based on history and physical examination. Red flags warrant further workup, such as persistent cramps with swelling, weakness, numbness, or cramps that occur despite normal activity.

Treatment focuses on relief and prevention. Immediate relief can be obtained by gently stretching the affected muscle, walking, massaging, and applying heat. After cramps subside, light activity can help prevent recurrence. For prevention, maintain good hydration, ensure balanced intake of electrolytes, and incorporate regular stretching, especially for the calves and hamstrings. If cramps are frequent or disabling, a clinician may investigate underlying causes and adjust medications.

Epidemiology and impact: cramps are common in adults and tend to increase with age; they are also common during pregnancy and in athletes. The term krampen is used in everyday language in languages that refer to muscle cramps.