Korsakoff

Korsakoff syndrome, also known as Korsakoff's psychosis or amnesic confabulatory syndrome, is a chronic neurological disorder caused by a deficiency in thiamine (vitamin B1). This deficiency is most commonly linked to chronic alcohol abuse, but can also result from severe malnutrition, hyperemesis gravidarum (severe vomiting during pregnancy), or eating disorders. The primary cause is the damage to specific areas of the brain, particularly the thalamus and hypothalamus, due to lack of thiamine.

The hallmark symptoms of Korsakoff syndrome include severe anterograde amnesia, meaning the inability to form new memories, and retrograde amnesia, often affecting recent events more than distant ones. Patients frequently exhibit confabulation, the fabrication of memories to fill gaps in their recall, which are not intentional lies but rather a result of the brain's attempt to create a coherent narrative. Disorientation regarding time and place is also common. While intellectual abilities may remain intact in other areas, the memory impairment is profound and significantly impacts daily functioning.

Diagnosis is typically based on clinical presentation and a history of conditions associated with thiamine deficiency. Treatment focuses on thiamine supplementation, which can help prevent further neurological damage and may lead to some improvement in memory, though complete recovery is rare. Abstinence from alcohol is crucial for individuals with alcohol-related Korsakoff syndrome. Supportive care and strategies to manage memory deficits, such as using calendars and notes, are essential for affected individuals.