Kontaktärritus

Kontaktärritus is a skin condition caused by contact with substances that irritate the skin. The term covers both irritant and allergic contact dermatitis and is used in Nordic languages. It is not contagious, and reactions occur at the site of contact, potentially acute or chronic with ongoing exposure.

Irritant contact dermatitis results from direct damage to the skin by irritants such as soaps, detergents, solvents, acids, and alkalis. Allergic contact dermatitis is immune-mediated and requires sensitization to an allergen; symptoms occur after subsequent exposure.

Common triggers include metals like nickel, rubber additives, cosmetics, fragrances, preservatives, and plant irritants. Occupational exposure is frequent, especially for workers handling chemicals, metals, or wet work.

Clinical features vary but often include redness, burning, itching, swelling, and sometimes vesicles. In hands and wrists, symptoms are common; chronic exposure can cause thickened, scaly skin (lichenification).

Diagnosis relies on history and examination. Patch testing helps identify allergens for suspected allergic contact dermatitis; irritant dermatitis is inferred from exposure patterns. Biopsy is rarely needed.

Management centers on avoidance and skin care. Emollients are used regularly; topical corticosteroids relieve flares; treat secondary infections if present. Severe cases may require systemic therapy. With avoidance, prognosis is generally favorable. Prevention focuses on protective measures, such as wearing gloves and minimizing exposure to known irritants.