Koivut

Koivut are deciduous trees of the genus Betula that are native to the temperate and boreal regions of the Northern Hemisphere. In Finnish landscapes, koivu is one of the most common and characteristic species, forming extensive stands in forests, coastal areas, and openlands. The two native species most relevant in Finland are Betula pendula, commonly known as the silver birch, and Betula pubescens, the downy birch. They often occur together and can hybridize, producing intermediate forms that adapt to local conditions.

Structural features include a slender trunk with smooth, pale bark that peels in thin sheets on younger trees. Leaves are oval with serrated edges, and the trees produce slender catkins in spring. Height varies by species and site, but mature individuals can reach several tens of meters in favorable conditions. Birch wood is light-colored and relatively soft, easy to work with, and widely used in timber, plywood, and paper production.

Ecology and uses: Birches are early-successional species that quickly colonize disturbed ground after fire or logging. They tolerate a range of soils and moisture regimes, and they often form mixed stands with conifers and broadleaf species. In addition to forestry value, the bark and sap have traditional uses: birch bark is waterproof and historically used for containers and waterproofing, and birch sap is tapped in spring to make beverages.

Cultural significance and present day: In Finland, the birch is strongly associated with seasonal rites and everyday life, including sauna rituals where a birch whisk (vihta) is used to stimulate the skin. Birch wood figures prominently in Finnish art, folklore, and design. From a conservation perspective, birch forests are widespread, and while not generally threatened as a group, some older stands and protected areas preserve local biodiversity and heritage values.