Kipuprosessin

Kipuprosessin refers to the series of biological and psychological processes by which the nervous system perceives, interprets, and modulates nociceptive (pain) signals. The concept encompasses peripheral transduction of noxious stimuli, central transmission, integration in brain networks, and descending modulation that can amplify or suppress perceived pain. Modern models emphasize that pain is not a direct readout of tissue damage but a brain-generated experience shaped by context, emotion, and cognition.

Nociceptors detect tissue damage and convert it into electrical signals that travel via A-delta and C fibers to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Signals ascend through the spinothalamic tract and other pathways to the thalamus and then to cortical areas such as the primary and secondary somatosensory cortex, insula, and anterior cingulate cortex. The limbic system and prefrontal regions contribute to the affective and evaluative aspects of pain.

Descending pain modulation involves brainstem structures, notably the periaqueductal gray and nucleus raphe magnus, which release inhibitory neurotransmitters that can dampen nociceptive transmission. Endogenous opioids and non-opioid systems mediate these effects. Expectation, attention, and context influence this modulation, contributing to phenomena such as placebo analgesia and stress-induced hypo/hyperalgesia.

Chronic pain can involve lasting changes in pain processing, including central sensitization, where the nervous system becomes more responsive to stimuli. Psychological and social factors—including mood, catastrophizing, and social support—shape the experience and management of pain. Clinically, kipuprosessin informs approaches to pain assessment and treatment that combine pharmacological, cognitive-behavioral, and physical therapies.

Research in pain processing uses neuroimaging and computational models to map brain networks and predict treatment response. The neuromatrix theory and contemporary models highlight pain as an integrated brain product rather than a simple reaction to tissue injury.