Khanom

Khanom, also spelled khanum or khanim, is a historical title of respect used in Turkic and Mongolic languages, equivalent to "lady" or "princess." It was primarily bestowed upon women of noble birth or those who held significant social standing. The title was commonly used in various Central Asian and Siberian cultures, including those influenced by the Mongol Empire.

The usage of Khanom was widespread across different historical periods and regions. In the Golden Horde, for instance, women of royal lineage often carried this title. Similarly, in the Ottoman Empire, while not a direct Ottoman title, it was recognized and sometimes used in reference to women of prominent families. The title carried connotations of authority and prestige.

While historically a title of nobility, the term "khanom" has also evolved in some contexts to simply mean "woman" or "lady" in everyday address, particularly in Persian-speaking regions like Iran and Afghanistan, where it has been integrated into common usage. This modern application reflects a shift from a strictly hierarchical designation to a more generalized term of respect for women. The word's etymology links it to the male title "khan," indicating a female counterpart of similar status.