Kaulavaltimot

Kaulavaltimot, also known as carotid arteries, are major blood vessels in the neck that supply oxygenated blood to the head and brain. There are two main carotid arteries, a left and a right, which branch off the aorta. Each common carotid artery then bifurcates into two branches: the external carotid artery and the internal carotid artery. The external carotid artery primarily supplies blood to the face, scalp, and neck structures, while the internal carotid artery is responsible for supplying blood to the brain.

The carotid arteries are vital for brain function. The brain has a high metabolic rate and requires a constant and substantial supply of oxygen and nutrients delivered by the blood. Any significant blockage or narrowing of the carotid arteries, a condition known as carotid artery stenosis, can lead to reduced blood flow to the brain. This can result in transient ischemic attacks (TIAs), often called mini-strokes, or a full stroke, which can cause permanent brain damage.

Factors that can contribute to carotid artery disease include atherosclerosis, which is the buildup of plaque within the arteries. This plaque is composed of cholesterol, fats, calcium, and other substances. Risk factors for atherosclerosis and carotid artery disease are similar to those for heart disease and include high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, smoking, obesity, and a family history of cardiovascular disease.

Diagnosis of carotid artery issues often involves physical examination, listening for bruits (abnormal sounds caused by turbulent blood flow) in the neck, and imaging tests such as ultrasound, CT angiography, or MR angiography. Treatment strategies vary depending on the severity of the narrowing and the individual's risk factors, and may include lifestyle modifications, medications to manage risk factors, or surgical procedures like carotid endarterectomy or angioplasty with stenting to open up narrowed arteries.