Kapos

Kapos were prisoner functionaries in Nazi concentration and detention camps during the Holocaust. The term derives from the German Kapo, meaning foreman or headman. Appointed by the SS, kapos were inmates given authority to supervise fellow prisoners, enforce camp rules, and supervise labor details. Their duties varied by camp and individual, but commonly included organizing work crews, relaying orders from guards, and administering punishments within the camp hierarchy. Some kapos acted with relative restraint; others used brutality to maintain control.

Selection and status: Kapos were typically chosen from among long-term inmates or those considered capable of maintaining order. Backgrounds ranged from common criminals to political prisoners, and some were trusted for their useful skills. Privileges such as better food, shorter shifts, or extra comforts could accompany the position, but the role was conditional and precarious, subject to removal or punishment by SS supervisors if the kapo appeared weak or disloyal.

Impact and legacy: The presence of kapos contributed to the division among prisoners and reduced the need for SS oversight, shaping camp social dynamics and moral injury for those who witnessed or suffered abuses. Historical assessments emphasize the coercive and extremely constrained nature of the role rather than simple culpability. After the war, some kapos were prosecuted for crimes committed in camps, while others argued they acted under duress within an inescapable system. The term "kapo" remains a historical label for a prisoner functionary within the Nazi camp apparatus and a reminder of the moral complexities of life in concentration camps.