KanemBornu
The Kanem-Bornu Empire was a historic Muslim state centered in the Lake Chad basin, encompassing parts of present-day Chad, Niger, and Nigeria. It developed from the Kanem Empire, which emerged in the central Sahel around the 9th century, and later expanded its influence to include the Bornu region. The Sayfawa (Sefuwa) dynasty ruled for many centuries, and the state is often described as a political union between Kanem and Bornu that endured from the 14th or 15th century into the 19th century.
Geography and administration: The empire’s core was Birni N’Gazargamu in Bornu, with an earlier capital at Njimi
Society, religion, and economy: Islam became the state religion, and Arabic alongside the Kanuri language played
Rulers and expansion: Idris Alooma (c. 1571–1603) is noted for military campaigns, administrative reforms, and strengthening
Decline and legacy: From the 17th century onward, Kanem-Bornu faced external pressures from rival states and