Kanceri

Kanceri, in English cancer, is a group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells. In most cases cancer starts when genetic changes cause cells to divide more rapidly or avoid normal cell death, leading to a mass of cells that can form a tumor or circulate as malignant cells. Cancers can arise in nearly any tissue and are named accordingly: carcinomas from epithelial tissues, sarcomas from connective tissues, leukemias from blood-forming tissues, lymphomas from the lymphatic system, and myelomas from plasma cells.

Causes are multifactorial and include inherited genetic mutations, environmental exposures, infections, and lifestyle factors. Tobacco use, alcohol consumption, obesity, ultraviolet radiation, and exposure to certain chemicals increase risk; infections with human papillomavirus, hepatitis B or C, and Helicobacter pylori are linked to specific cancers.

Symptoms vary by location and stage but may include a new lump, persistent pain, fatigue, unexplained weight loss, changes in bowel or bladder habits, or jaundice. Diagnosis combines imaging, biopsy, and laboratory tests; staging uses systems such as TNM to describe tumor size, nodal involvement, and metastasis.

Treatment is tailored to cancer type and stage and may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, hormonal therapy, or stem cell transplantation. Early detection through screening can improve outcomes for several common cancers. Prevention emphasizes vaccination, tobacco cessation, healthy weight, physical activity, and safe sun exposure.