Tobacco

Tobacco refers to the leaves of certain plants in the genus Nicotiana, most notably Nicotiana tabacum, which are cultivated and processed for use in tobacco products. The leaves contain nicotine, an alkaloid that acts as a stimulant and insect deterrent. Tobacco has been grown for centuries and sold in a variety of forms around the world.

Originating in the Americas, tobacco spread globally after European contact in the 16th century. Today, major producers include China, Brazil, India, the United States, Indonesia, and several African nations. Leaves are cured by air, fire, or flue methods to develop flavor before being manufactured into products such as cigarettes, cigars, pipe tobacco, and smokeless forms.

Commercial tobacco products include cigarettes, cigars, pipe tobacco, chewing tobacco, snuff, and nicotine-containing products such as snus and nicotine pouches. Consumption is typically through inhalation of smoke or direct contact with mucous membranes. The nicotine in tobacco is highly addictive, contributing to dependence and ongoing use.

Tobacco use is a leading cause of preventable disease and death, linked to cancers, cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, and adverse reproductive outcomes. Secondhand smoke harms non-users. Public health measures include age limits, advertising restrictions, taxes, and smoke-free laws. Cessation support and alternatives such as nicotine replacement therapy and other medications can help reduce dependence.

Regulatory frameworks vary by country, balancing public health goals with agricultural and economic considerations. Ongoing research examines harm-reduction approaches and the environmental impact of tobacco farming and cigarette waste.