Kalvointi

Kalvointi is the process of forming a thin film or membrane on a surface, typically by depositing or applying a coating. The term is used across science and industry to describe methods that create protective, functional, or decorative layers. Kalvointi can refer to both artificial coatings and natural membrane formation in biological contexts.

Methods and techniques used in kalvointi include physical vapor deposition (PVD) such as sputtering and thermal evaporation, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), and chemical or electrochemical approaches. In liquids, coating can be achieved by spin coating, dip coating, spray coating, or roll coating. Other techniques include sol-gel processes, layer-by-layer assembly, and electrostatic or centrifugal deposition. The choice of method depends on the material, desired thickness, uniformity, and the intended application.

Materials commonly involved in kalvointi range from polymers and composites to metals and ceramics. Polymer films may provide barriers, optical clarity, or controlled permeability, while ceramic or metal films can offer hardness, conductivity, or protective properties. Applications span many sectors: protective or functional coatings for metals and tools; optical and anti-reflective coatings for lenses and displays; barrier films for food and pharmaceutical packaging; thin-film solar cells and energy storage devices; and biocompatible coatings for medical devices. In pharmaceuticals, film coatings on tablets control release, protect the active ingredient, and improve handling.

In biology and medicine, kalvointi also describes the formation or application of membranes that separate compartments or regulate transport, illustrating the term’s broad relevance across disciplines.