Kalkifikation

Kalkifikation is a medical term that describes the abnormal formation or deposition of calcium salts within tissue, a process known as calcification. This phenomenon can occur in various tissues and organs, often as a result of metabolic disturbances or tissue injury. Calcification is typically classified into two main types: dystrophic and metastatic.

Dystrophic calcification occurs in damaged or necrotic tissues despite normal calcium and phosphate levels in the blood. It is often associated with chronic inflammatory processes, necrosis, or tissue degeneration. Common sites include atherosclerotic plaques, damaged heart valves, and areas of inflammation.

Metastatic calcification, on the other hand, results from elevated levels of calcium or phosphate in the bloodstream, leading to calcium depositions in otherwise normal tissues. Conditions such as hyperparathyroidism, chronic kidney disease, and certain cancers can contribute to metastatic calcification. It frequently affects tissues with a high baseline alkaline phosphatase activity, such as the lungs, gastric mucosa, kidneys, and systemic arterials.

The clinical significance of kalkifikation varies depending on its location and extent. While some calcifications may be incidental findings with minimal impact, others can impair organ function or contribute to disease progression. For example, vascular calcification can lead to arterial stiffness and increase cardiovascular risk.

Diagnosis typically involves imaging techniques such as X-rays, CT scans, or ultrasounds, which can detect calcium deposits. Treatment options depend on the underlying cause and may include managing metabolic imbalances, addressing tissue injury, or surgical removal of significant calcifications. Prevention largely focuses on controlling calcium and phosphate levels and monitoring at-risk populations.