Jännitysmalleja

Jännitysmalleja (stress models) refers to theoretical frameworks used to understand and explain the causes, mechanisms, and effects of stress in individuals and groups. These models provide a structured way to analyze how stressors interact with an individual's appraisal of their resources and coping abilities, leading to a stress response.

One foundational model is Richard Lazarus and Susan Folkman's transactional model of stress. This model emphasizes the cognitive appraisal process, suggesting that stress arises not from the event itself but from the individual's interpretation of the event as threatening or exceeding their coping resources. It distinguishes between primary appraisal (evaluating the significance of a stressor) and secondary appraisal (evaluating one's ability to cope).

Another perspective is the demand-control model, developed by Robert Karasek. This model posits that job strain results from a combination of high job demands and low job control. High demands without sufficient control are considered particularly detrimental to well-being. Conversely, jobs with high demands and high control can be challenging but also lead to growth.

Hans Selye's general adaptation syndrome (GAS) describes a three-stage physiological response to stress: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion. While initially focused on physiological responses, it highlights the body's adaptive processes and the potential for exhaustion when stressors are prolonged.

More contemporary models integrate biological, psychological, and social factors. These models often consider individual differences in vulnerability and resilience, the role of social support, and the impact of chronic versus acute stressors. Understanding these different jännitysmalleja helps in identifying sources of stress, developing effective coping strategies, and designing interventions to mitigate the negative consequences of stress.