Invertterit

Invertterit, known in English as inverters, are electronic devices that convert direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC). They enable the use of DC sources such as solar panels, batteries, or DC power supplies to run standard AC equipment and to feed electricity into AC grids. Inverters come in several forms, including central or string inverters used in solar installations, and microinverters installed at individual panels. There are also battery inverters that handle energy storage systems and provide backup power.

Operation: Most modern inverters are switch-mode devices that use pulse-width modulation to approximate a sine wave. They convert DC to AC by generating high-frequency switching signals and filtering to produce a stable AC waveform. Waveforms can be pure sine waves or, in lower-cost models, modified sine waves. Features often include maximum power point tracking (MPPT) for solar sources, anti-islanding protection, overcurrent and thermal protection, and grid synchronization for grid-connected systems.

Applications: In residential and commercial solar photovoltaic systems, grid-tied inverters are common; off-grid systems rely on battery-inverter combinations. Inverters vary in efficiency, typically around 95–98% for modern units, and in price and size from small microinverters to utility-scale central units.

Considerations: Key factors are compatibility with local grid frequency (50 or 60 Hz), voltage, safety standards, and certification; reliability and service life; heat dissipation and cooling requirements. Standards and regulations are country-specific and govern grid connection, safety, and performance.