Inkjet

An inkjet is a type of printing technology that forms images by ejecting tiny droplets of ink onto a substrate, typically paper. It is widely used for desktop document printing, photo printing, and various industrial applications. Inkjet technology is categorized mainly into continuous inkjet (CIJ) and drop-on-demand (DOD) systems. In CIJ, a continuous stream of droplets is produced, with a portion redirected to a gutter, while DOD systems fire droplets only as needed to reproduce an image. DOD includes thermal (hot-melt) and piezoelectric print heads; the former heats ink to create a bubble that ejects a drop, the latter uses a piezo crystal to generate a pressure pulse.

Inks and media: Consumer inkjets typically use aqueous inks—pigment-based for improved longevity or dye-based for brighter colors. Industrial and outdoor printers may use solvent, UV-curable, or pigment inks for durability on non-porous media. There are also textile inks for dye sublimation and direct-to-garment printing. Substrates range from standard office papers to glossy photos, polymers, fabrics, and ceramics, depending on ink chemistry and print head compatibility.

Applications and characteristics: Inkjet printing offers high resolution and color range, flexibility for on-demand production, and relatively quiet operation. It is used in home and office machines, professional photo printing, packaging, textiles, and some specialized industrial applications. Limitations include potential nozzle clogging, maintenance requirements, and ongoing costs for inks and service. Color accuracy relies on color management, ICC profiles, and compatible media.

History: Commercial inkjet technology was developed in the late 20th century with early products from several manufacturers, leading to widespread consumer and professional printers by the 1990s and 2000s.