Inhalatory

Inhalatory devices, commonly called inhalers or inhalators in some languages, are medical devices designed to deliver drugs directly into the respiratory tract through inhalation. They are used to treat diseases of the airways and lungs, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and can also be used to administer certain medications that have rapid systemic absorption when inhaled.

The main types are metered-dose inhalers (MDIs), dry powder inhalers (DPIs), soft mist inhalers (SMIs), and nebulizers. MDIs release a specific amount of medication as a propellant-driven aerosol; DPIs deliver a dry powder inhaled by the patient’s breath; SMIs generate a fine mist with a slower spray; nebulizers convert liquid medicine into an aerosol that is inhaled via a mask or mouthpiece over several minutes. Many MDIs are used with a spacer or holding chamber to improve delivery and reduce throat deposition.

Important factors include particle size (about 1-5 micrometers for deep lung deposition), proper technique, and adherence to prescribed regimens. Inhalers may deliver bronchodilators, anti-inflammatory corticosteroids, combination therapies, or other agents. Some devices are designed for pediatric use or for patients with limited hand strength.

Common safety considerations include rinsing the mouth after certain corticosteroid inhalers to reduce thrush, cleaning devices regularly, and avoiding moisture damage in DPIs. Incorrect technique can reduce effectiveness or increase local side effects. Regulation and labeling are governed by medical device and pharmaceutical authorities in each country, with clinical guidance provided by professional associations.