Infeccions

Infeccions refer to illnesses caused by the invasion and growth of microorganisms in the body, leading to tissue damage and an inflammatory response. They can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites, and may affect a single organ or involve multiple systems. Some infections are contagious, while others are not.

Transmission pathways include direct contact, droplets, airborne spread, vectors such as mosquitoes, contaminated food or water, and vertical transmission from mother to child. Individual risk factors comprise age extremes, weakened immunity, chronic diseases, hospitalization, and invasive medical procedures.

Clinical presentation varies with the site and organism but often includes fever, fatigue, pain, swelling or redness, and discharge. Cough, diarrhea, or rash may occur in specific infections, while some cases are asymptomatic or only mildly symptomatic.

Diagnosis combines clinical assessment with laboratory tests to identify the causative pathogen. Methods include cultures, molecular tests such as PCR, antigen or antibody assays, imaging, and occasionally biopsy. Distinguishing true infection from colonization or contamination guides treatment decisions.

Treatment aims to remove or suppress the pathogen and support recovery. It typically involves antimicrobial therapy tailored to the organism and patient factors, along with supportive care. Antibiotic stewardship and, when appropriate, antivirals, antifungals, or surgery, are important considerations.

Prevention focuses on reducing transmission through vaccination, hand hygiene, safe food handling and water supply, sanitation, safe sex practices, and infection-control measures in health facilities. Public health surveillance and rapid responses help limit outbreaks and track emerging pathogens.