Incest

Incest refers to sexual activity or marriage between close relatives, a subject that is restricted or taboo in many societies. Definitions vary by jurisdiction, but common examples include relationships between parent and child or between siblings. Some jurisdictions also regulate or prohibit relationships between more distant relatives, such as half-siblings, aunts or uncles with nieces or nephews, or cousins.

Legal and cultural contexts vary widely. In many countries, incest is illegal regardless of age or consent, particularly when it involves parental or sibling relationships. Other jurisdictions restrict marriage rather than sexual activity, or differentiate by degree of relatedness. In some places consensual relationships between adult cousins may be permitted. Prohibitions often reflect concerns about coercion, power imbalances, inheritance, and potential health risks to offspring.

Genetic and health considerations are frequently cited in policy discussions. Offspring of closely related parents have a higher risk of recessive genetic disorders and congenital anomalies. While the magnitude of risk depends on the degree of relatedness and population genetics, these concerns are a common factor in debates about marriage and reproduction.

Social and psychological aspects include the strong universal incest taboo in many cultures, which may be linked to concerns about family dynamics, exploitation, and abuse. Incest has been involved in cases of coercion or abuse, and professionals emphasize safeguarding, informed consent, and reporting when power imbalances or exploitation occur.

Historically, attitudes toward incest have varied. Some ancient and medieval societies permitted certain forms of cousin marriage for political or economic reasons, while others maintained strict prohibitions. In modern times, many regions employ legal restrictions and public health considerations, alongside ongoing discussions about culture, consent, and individual rights.