Immuunikato

Immuunikato is a term used in some Finnish-language medical and scientific discussions to denote a progressive decline in immune system competence. It is not a formally defined, universally recognized diagnosis; instead, it describes a pattern that overlaps with immunosenescence, immune deficiency, and nutrition-related immune dysfunction. The word combines immune-related concepts with a suffix meaning loss or depletion.

The concept encompasses reduced adaptive immune capacity, including lower numbers and function of T and B cells, altered innate responses, and a tendency toward chronic low-grade inflammation (inflammaging). Mechanisms proposed include thymic involution, aging of hematopoietic stem cells, telomere shortening, metabolic stress, and nutritional deficiencies.

Clinical features include increased susceptibility to infections, poorer responses to vaccines, and, in some contexts, higher risk of autoimmune phenomena or cancer. The onset is commonly associated with aging but can occur earlier with HIV infection, malnutrition, or immunosuppressive therapies.

Diagnosis is not standardized; it relies on a combination of immunophenotyping (for example, lymphopenia and reduced naive T cells), functional assays of T and B cell responses, vaccine antibody titers, and exclusion of defined immunodeficiencies. It is typically considered within the broader frameworks of immunosenescence or secondary immune deficiency.

Management focuses on addressing underlying causes, ensuring adequate nutrition, infection prevention, and vaccination with tailored strategies. Where appropriate, immunoglobulin replacement or antimicrobial prophylaxis may be used. Lifestyle measures such as physical activity, sleep, and metabolic control are emphasized to support immune resilience.

In research contexts, immuunikato is used to discuss the heterogeneity of immune aging and resilience and serves as a working concept alongside immunosenescence and inflammaging. Its usage varies by region and discipline, and it remains a topic of ongoing discussion rather than a fixed clinical entity.