Ilmailu

Ilmailu is the field of aviation, encompassing the design, manufacture, operation, maintenance, regulation, and study of aircraft and air transport. It covers civil aviation—commercial airlines, general aviation, and private flying—as well as military aviation. The domain includes air navigation services, airports, air traffic management, flight operations, aircraft maintenance, and aviation safety systems. Research in ilmailu spans aerodynamics, propulsion, avionics, materials, and information technology.

Historically, ilmailu emerged from early experiments in the early 20th century and expanded rapidly with the development of commercial air travel in the mid-20th century. The sector has grown through global networks of routes, hubs, and supply chains. Safety and efficiency are governed by international standards and institutions such as ICAO, IATA, and, in many regions, the European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) and national regulators. These bodies issue aircraft certifications, pilot licenses, maintenance requirements, and operational rules.

Economic and social impact: ilmailu supports mobility, tourism, international trade, and emergency services, while also raising concerns about environmental impact, noise, and safety. The industry relies on skilled employment, complex supply chains, and advanced infrastructure, including airports and control facilities.

Contemporary developments include the rise of unmanned aerial systems (drones), electric and hybrid propulsion, and efforts toward decarbonization and noise reduction. In Finland and many other countries, the sector is regulated by national authorities (such as Traficom in Finland) in coordination with international bodies.