Aviation

Aviation refers to the practice of designing, producing, operating, and using aircraft for transportation, exploration, and defense. It encompasses civil aviation, which includes commercial air transport and general aviation, as well as military aviation. The field covers aircraft engineering, air traffic management, airport operations, navigation, meteorology, safety, and regulatory frameworks.

The history of aviation began with early experiments in lighter-than-air craft and ballooning, progressing to powered flight with the Wright brothers in 1903. The development of heavier-than-air aircraft accelerated through the two world wars, the introduction of commercial air travel in the mid-20th century, and the advent of jet propulsion and sophisticated aviation systems. Since the postwar era, aviation has become a global industry, enabling rapid long-distance transport and complex international logistics.

Modern aviation relies on aircraft such as airplanes and helicopters operated from a network of airports and supported by air traffic control, weather services, and maintenance organizations. Safety and efficiency depend on standardized procedures, certification of airworthiness, and coordinated international and national regulations.

Regulation is administered by international bodies such as the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and the International Air Transport Association (IATA), along with national aviation authorities. These bodies establish safety, security, and environmental standards, certify aircraft and operators, and oversee accident investigations and airspace governance.

Current issues in aviation include improving fuel efficiency and reducing emissions through operating practices, airframes, engines, and sustainable aviation fuels; noise management; and evolving technologies such as electric and hybrid propulsion and urban air mobility. The industry continues to balance growth with safety, security, and environmental stewardship.