Illiteracy

Illiteracy refers to the inability to read and write at a basic level. In education policy, illiteracy is often distinguished from low literacy or functional illiteracy, though definitions vary. Functional illiteracy describes people who can perform some reading and writing tasks but lack the skills required for everyday life, work, or further study.

Prevalence and measurement depend on how literacy is defined. Literacy is typically assessed as the ability to read and write a simple sentence in a language. In many regions, especially in low- and middle-income countries, substantial shares of adults and many children remain illiterate or have limited reading and writing skills. Globally, hundreds of millions are affected, with women disproportionately represented in illiterate populations in many areas.

Causes of illiteracy are multifaceted. They include poverty and limited access to quality schooling, out-of-school children, gender inequality, conflict and displacement, disability, and language barriers. Poor learning conditions, overcrowded classrooms, and inadequate teacher training also contribute. Illiteracy tends to persist across generations when children grow up without foundational literacy skills.

Consequences are wide-ranging. Illiteracy limits employment opportunities and income, constrains health literacy and access to information, and reduces participation in civic and social life. It can reinforce poverty cycles and hinder gains in development and social equality.

Responses and policy. Efforts focus on expanding access to quality primary and secondary education, and on adult and continuing education, literacy programs, and community-based or technology-enabled learning. Promotion of multilingual and culturally appropriate instruction helps reach marginalized groups. International frameworks, including Sustainable Development Goal 4, emphasize universal literacy and lifelong learning for all.