Illich
Ivan Illich (1926–2002) was an Argentine-American social critic, philosopher, and educator known for his influential critiques of institutionalized systems, particularly education, healthcare, and technology. Born in Buenos Aires, Illich studied philosophy, history, and theology before moving to the United States in the 1950s, where he became a prominent figure in the counterculture and progressive movements of the 1960s and 1970s.
Illich’s most famous work, *Tools for Conviviality* (1973), challenged the idea that institutions like schools and
Beyond education, Illich examined the role of technology in modern society, warning against the over-reliance on
Illich’s legacy lies in his insistence on reclaiming agency from bureaucratic and technological control, advocating instead