Ibadis

Ibadis, or Ibadi Muslims, are followers of Ibadi Islam, a distinct branch of Islam that arose in the 7th century among segments of the early Kharijite movement. The school is named after Abd Allah ibn Ibadh, a Basra-based jurist. Ibadism emphasizes practical ethics, social harmony, and community consensus (shura). Leadership is traditionally understood as a consultative process within the community, rather than hereditary rule, and the Imam serves as both religious and political leader within a framework of collective accountability.

Beliefs and practices align with core Islamic tenets—monotheism, the Qur’an, and the Prophet Muhammad—while Ibadi jurisprudence (fiqh) develops through local consensus and juristic interpretation. Ibadis are often described as moderate within Islamic traditions, with an emphasis on piety, communal welfare, and avoidance of sectarian extremism. Their legal and ethical tradition stresses social responsibility, justice, and orderly governance.

Geography and demographics: The heartland of Ibadi Islam is Oman, where Ibadism has shaped national culture and political life for centuries; the ruling dynasty of Oman identifies with Ibadi Islam. Smaller Ibadi communities exist along the Swahili coast of East Africa, notably in Zanzibar, as well as in coastal parts of Kenya and Tanzania, with diaspora communities elsewhere.

History: Ibadi ideas circulated in Basra and Oman during the early centuries of Islam, developing a distinct doctrinal and juridical tradition. In Oman, the Imamate tradition coexisted with monarchic rule for much of history, and in modern times Ibadi institutions remain influential within a tolerant, pluralistic political culture. Ibadi communities worldwide continue to maintain distinctive liturgical practices and a unique interpretive heritage within the broader Islamic world.