Zanzibar

Zanzibar is a semi-autonomous region of Tanzania comprising two main islands, Unguja and Pemba, along with numerous smaller islets. The regional capital is Zanzibar City on Unguja, and its historic center, Stone Town, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Located in the Indian Ocean off the east coast of Africa, Zanzibar experiences a tropical climate and has a population in the low millions, with estimates commonly placing it around 1.8 to 2.0 million people. The islands are culturally Swahili with influences from Arab, Persian, and African communities, and Kiswahili is the lingua franca; English is used in government and business.

Zanzibar emerged as a major Swahili trading center in the medieval era and was later ruled by Omani Arab rulers. It united with Tanganyika in 1964 to form the United Republic of Tanzania, but it retained semi-autonomous authority with its own president and House of Representatives. The union centers on the mainland–island federation, while Zanzibar maintains control over domestic affairs including culture, tourism, and local government.

Tourism is a leading sector, with attractions such as Stone Town, beaches, and spice farms. Cloves have long been a key export; today spices, fisheries, and light manufacturing support the economy. The archipelago is also known for its Swahili culture, music, cuisine, and historic architecture.

The archipelago hosts protected areas such as Jozani Chwaka Bay National Park. Transportation includes Abeid Amani Karume International Airport on Unguja and several ports serving maritime routes. The climate is hot and humid, with distinct dry and wet seasons.