IPQC

In-process quality control (IPQC) refers to quality checks conducted during manufacturing as parts are produced, with the aim of detecting defects and deviations early and maintaining process capability.

IPQC is integrated into production lines and performed at defined process steps by operators or quality inspectors. It encompasses in-line measurements, visual inspections, functional tests, and sampling of units at various stages. The data collected supports real-time decisions such as rework, disposition, or process adjustment.

Common IPQC methods include attribute checks (pass/fail) and variable measurements (dimensions, physical properties), using tools like calipers, gauges, meters, or automated sensors. Statistical process control (SPC) methods, control charts, and process capability indices help monitor stability and capability.

IPQC complements final quality control and the broader quality assurance system. It provides traceability, records, and feedback loops for root-cause analysis and corrective actions (CAPA). It helps reduce waste, escapes to customers, and production downtime.

Applications span manufacturing sectors such as electronics, automotive, pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and consumer goods, with checks tailored to product design and process risk.

Challenges include ensuring representative sampling, avoiding over-inspection, training operators, and maintaining documentation. Effective IPQC requires clear standard operating procedures, defined acceptance criteria, and timely communication of nonconformities.