IOeristys

IOeristys (I/O isolation) is the practice of electrically separating input and output paths between subsystems to prevent the transfer of faults, noise, or surges. It is used to preserve safety, data integrity, and reliability in electronic systems that interface different domains such as control logic, sensors, and actuators.

Common approaches include galvanic isolation, where no direct electrical connection exists. Techniques include opto-isolators, digital isolators, transformers, and isolation amplifiers. Isolation is specified by voltage rating, impedance, and leakage currents, and must balance signal integrity and speed with safety requirements.

Applications span industrial automation (programmable logic controllers and drives), data acquisition systems, medical equipment, automotive electronics, and telecom interfaces. In each case, IO eristys helps prevent ground loops, protects sensitive circuitry, and limits the spread of faults.

Standards and safety considerations reference general insulation requirements in IEC and related safety families, depending on application. Designers consider creepage and clearance distances, isolation width, temperature drift, and power consumption when choosing components and topology.

Limitations include added latency, reduced bandwidth for high-speed signals, increased cost, and potential reliability concerns at complex isolation barriers. Proper design matches the isolation level to the system risk and regulatory demands. See also galvanic isolation, optocouplers, and digital isolators.