Hüpokaltremiat

Hüpokaltremiat is a medical term describing a condition characterized by abnormally low potassium in the blood, commonly referred to as hypokalemia in English. Potassium supports nerve impulses and muscle contraction, including the heart. Low levels reduce cellular excitability and can affect multiple organ systems.

Symptoms include muscle weakness, cramps, fatigue, constipation, and palpitations. Severe hypokalemia can cause paralysis, rhabdomyolysis, and dangerous cardiac arrhythmias, especially in people with heart disease.

Causes include reduced intake, chronic vomiting or diarrhea, diuretic use, kidney disorders causing potassium loss, renal tubular acidosis, insulin therapy, and shifts of potassium into cells during alkalosis or treatment with beta-agonists. Coexisting magnesium deficiency can worsen the condition.

Diagnosis relies on a serum potassium concentration below normal (commonly <3.5 mEq/L). ECG changes such as flattened T waves and U waves may appear. Evaluation also includes kidney function, acid-base status, and magnesium levels to identify contributing factors.

Treatment depends on severity. Mild cases may use oral potassium supplementation and dietary adjustments. Moderate to severe cases require potassium repletion (often potassium chloride) with cardiac monitoring, careful rate of administration, and treatment of underlying causes.

Prognosis is generally favorable with prompt treatment, but recurrence is common if the underlying cause persists. Prevention emphasizes adequate dietary intake and cautious use of medications that promote potassium loss.