Hüpertüreoidism

Hüpertüreoidism, also known as an overactive thyroid, is a medical condition where the thyroid gland produces too much thyroid hormone. The thyroid gland, located in the neck, is responsible for producing hormones that regulate metabolism, affecting heart rate, body temperature, and energy levels. When the thyroid gland produces an excess of these hormones, it can lead to a wide range of symptoms.

Common symptoms of hüpertüreoidism include unintentional weight loss, a rapid or irregular heartbeat, nervousness, anxiety, irritability, tremors, increased sweating, and heat intolerance. Other potential signs can involve changes in menstrual patterns in women, frequent bowel movements, and muscle weakness. In some cases, the eyes may appear enlarged or protrude, a condition known as Graves' ophthalmopathy, which is often associated with Graves' disease, a common cause of hüpertüreoidism.

The causes of hüpertüreoidism vary. Graves' disease, an autoimmune disorder where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks the thyroid gland, is the most frequent culprit. Other causes include toxic multinodular goiter, where the thyroid gland contains nodules that produce excess hormones, and thyroiditis, an inflammation of the thyroid gland that can temporarily release stored hormones. Less commonly, excessive intake of iodine or certain medications can also trigger the condition.

Diagnosis typically involves a physical examination, blood tests to measure thyroid hormone levels (T3 and T4) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and sometimes imaging studies like a thyroid scan. Treatment aims to reduce the production or effects of thyroid hormones and may include antithyroid medications, radioactive iodine therapy, or surgery to remove part or all of the thyroid gland, depending on the underlying cause and severity of the condition.