Hyperparatyroidismiin

Hyperparatyroidismiin, known in English as hyperparathyroidism, is a condition characterized by an overproduction of parathyroid hormone (PTH) by the parathyroid glands. These small glands, located in the neck near the thyroid, play a crucial role in regulating calcium and phosphate levels in the blood. When they produce too much PTH, it leads to an excess of calcium in the bloodstream, a condition called hypercalcemia.

There are two main types of hyperparathyroidism. Primary hyperparathyroidism is caused by a problem within the parathyroid glands themselves, most commonly a benign tumor (adenoma) on one of the glands. Less frequently, it can be caused by hyperplasia, where all four glands enlarge and produce too much hormone, or in rare cases, by cancer of a parathyroid gland. Secondary hyperparathyroidism occurs when another medical condition, such as chronic kidney disease or severe vitamin D deficiency, leads the parathyroid glands to overwork to compensate for low calcium levels.

Symptoms of hyperparathyroidism can vary widely and are often subtle. Some individuals may experience no symptoms at all. When symptoms do occur, they can include bone pain, fatigue, weakness, frequent urination, kidney stones, constipation, and mood changes like depression or irritability. Diagnosis typically involves blood tests to measure calcium and PTH levels, along with imaging studies if necessary. Treatment depends on the cause and severity, and may range from monitoring to surgical removal of enlarged parathyroid glands.