Hyperkoagulabilitás

Hyperkoagulabilitás, also known as thrombophilia, is a condition characterized by an increased tendency for blood to clot. This predisposition can lead to the formation of abnormal blood clots within blood vessels, a process called thrombosis. Thrombosis can occur in veins (venous thromboembolism, VTE) or arteries (arterial thrombosis).

The causes of hyperkoagulabilitás can be broadly categorized as inherited (genetic) or acquired. Inherited forms are due to genetic mutations that affect proteins involved in the coagulation cascade, making the blood more prone to clotting. Common inherited thrombophilias include Factor V Leiden mutation and prothrombin gene mutation. Acquired hyperkoagulabilitás can develop due to various factors, such as prolonged immobility, surgery, certain cancers, pregnancy, use of oral contraceptives or hormone replacement therapy, and autoimmune diseases like antiphospholipid syndrome.

Symptoms of hyperkoagulabilitás depend on the location of the clot. For VTE, symptoms might include swelling, pain, redness, and warmth in a limb (deep vein thrombosis or DVT) or sudden shortness of breath and chest pain (pulmonary embolism or PE). Arterial clots can lead to stroke or heart attack.

Diagnosis involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, and laboratory tests to assess clotting factors and identify specific thrombophilias. Treatment typically involves anticoagulant medications to prevent clot formation and reduce the risk of recurrence. Management strategies also include addressing underlying acquired causes and lifestyle modifications.