Hyperbilirubinaemia

Hyperbilirubinaemia is a medical condition characterized by elevated levels of bilirubin in the blood. Bilirubin is a yellowish pigment produced during the breakdown of red blood cells, and its normal levels are tightly regulated by the liver. When bilirubin levels exceed the normal range, it can lead to various symptoms and health issues.

The most common cause of hyperbilirubinaemia is increased red blood cell breakdown, which can occur due to hemolytic anemia, liver disease, or certain medications. Other causes include gallstones, infections, and certain genetic disorders. Hyperbilirubinaemia can be classified as unconjugated (indirect) or conjugated (direct), depending on whether the bilirubin is bound to albumin or glucuronide, respectively.

Symptoms of hyperbilirubinaemia can vary and may include jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), dark urine, pale stools, and itching. In severe cases, it can lead to kernicterus, a neurological disorder that can cause permanent brain damage in newborns. Diagnosis typically involves blood tests to measure bilirubin levels and determine whether they are conjugated or unconjugated.

Treatment depends on the underlying cause. For example, hemolytic anemia may be treated with blood transfusions or medications, while liver disease may require lifestyle changes or medical interventions. In some cases, phototherapy may be used to break down excess bilirubin in newborns. Regular monitoring and management are crucial to prevent complications and ensure optimal health outcomes.