HyoscyamusPflanzen

Hyoscyamus, commonly known as henbane, is a small genus of flowering plants in the nightshade family (Solanaceae). The best known species is Hyoscyamus niger, the common henbane. Other recognized species include Hyoscyamus albus (white henbane) and Hyoscyamus aureus, though taxonomic treatment varies by flora. Hyoscyamus plants are adapted to temperate regions and are often found as annual or biennial herbs in disturbed soils, hedgerows, and waste ground.

They grow to about 40–120 cm tall, with large, deeply lobed, grey-green leaves that emit a noticeable odor when crushed. The inflorescences bear small, tubular flowers that are yellowish-green with purple veins, followed by small spherical capsules containing numerous seeds.

Hyoscyamus species synthesize tropane alkaloids, especially hyoscyamine (atropine) and scopolamine (hyoscine), along with related compounds. These alkaloids have potent anticholinergic effects and can cause dry mouth, dilated pupils, blurred vision, rapid heartbeat, confusion, delirium, seizures, and potentially death in significant doses. All parts of the plant are toxic, and handling can irritate the skin in sensitive individuals.

Historically, henbane was used in medicine as an antispasmodic and sedative, and in some traditional practices. In modern pharmacology, derivatives such as hyoscyamine and scopolamine are used therapeutically for conditions like irritable bowel syndrome, cramps, and motion sickness. Due to toxicity and variable alkaloid content, plant material is generally avoided as a source for self-treatment.

In ecosystems, Hyoscyamus species attract pollinators and can appear as short-lived weeds in certain habitats. They are noted for their role in historical poisonings and in folklore, and management typically involves avoiding seed spread and cautious handling around ornamental plantings.