Hydrauliki

Hydrauliki, or hydraulics, is a branch of physics and engineering that studies how liquids transmit force, energy, and motion in confined spaces. It relies on the fact that a liquid in a closed system transmits applied pressure uniformly (Pascal's law) and that flow can be directed and controlled with valves, pipes, and pumps.

Hydraulic systems convert pump power into mechanical power using fluids as the medium. Key components include hydraulic fluid, reservoir, hydraulic pump, control valves, pipes, and actuators such as cylinders and hydraulic motors. Fluids are chosen for viscosity, lubricity, temperature stability, and compatibility with system materials; common options are mineral oil–based, synthetic, and water-based fluids.

History and development: concepts emerged in ancient times with Archimedes, but Pascal formalized the principle in the 17th century. The hydraulic press, developed by Blaise Pascal and later refined by Joseph Bramah, demonstrated how force could be amplified with fluids. The field expanded through industrialization, machinery, aviation, and modern automotive and robotics systems.

Applications and safety: hydraulics power machine tools, lifts, brakes, aircraft controls, and large-scale civil works such as dams. Modern practice emphasizes efficiency, leak prevention, and environmental responsibility, with biodegradable fluids and closed-loop energy recovery in some systems.