Hornmossor

Hornmossor is a common name used for several species of mosses whose sporophytes have elongated, horn-like capsules, giving the plants a distinctive horned appearance during parts of their life cycle. The term is vernacular rather than a formal taxonomic group, and is applied in various regions to different mosses, often those in the family or order that include tall, tufted species such as Polytrichum.

Morphology and appearance: Hornmosses typically form dense tufts or cushions with upright shoots. Leaves are narrow and often have a prominent midrib or lamellae on the upper surface, aiding photosynthesis in bright microhabitats. The sporophyte rises on a relatively long seta and bears a capsule at the tip; in many species the capsule structure and its opening mechanism contribute to the horn-like impression observed when the plant is in fruiting condition.

Habitat and distribution: They occur across temperate and boreal regions, frequently in acidic soils, on mossy logs, bare rock, or forest floors. They prefer moist, well-lit microhabitats but can tolerate a range of moisture and light conditions depending on the species.

Ecology and life cycle: As with other mosses, hornmosses reproduce by spores produced in the capsules and can also propagate vegetatively. They contribute to soil formation, moisture retention, and provide microhabitat for small invertebrates and microorganisms.

Taxonomy: Because hornmossor are a vernacular grouping, the exact species included varies by region. They are not a single scientific taxon, but rather a folk umbrella for mosses with horn-like sporophytes. See also mosses, Polytrichaceae, Polytrichum.