Histopatologists

Histopathologists are physicians who specialize in histopathology, the examination of tissue-based diseases through microscopic analysis. They interpret tissue specimens—often obtained by biopsy or surgical excision—and integrate microscopic findings with clinical information to establish diagnoses, classify diseases, and influence treatment plans. Their work is central to the diagnosis of cancer, inflammatory and infectious diseases, and many other conditions.

Training and professional role typically involve completing a medical degree followed by a residency in pathology and a subspecialty fellowship or focused training in histopathology. In many health systems, histopathologists are board-certified pathologists who sign out diagnostic reports. They may work in hospital laboratories, academic medical centers, or reference laboratories, and often collaborate with clinicians, radiologists, and surgeons. They provide second opinions, participate in tumor boards, and contribute to research, education, and quality assurance programs.

Techniques and workflow commonly include gross examination of specimens, processing of tissues into slides, and staining with hematoxylin and eosin, as well as immunohistochemical, special, or molecular staining to refine diagnoses. They generate pathology reports that describe histologic findings, differential diagnoses, and recommended further testing or therapy. Digital pathology and telepathology are increasingly used to review slides remotely and enable consultation across institutions.

Histopathology and its practitioners play a fundamental role in cancer diagnosis, staging, and personalized medicine, as well as in monitoring disease progression and response to therapy.