Highalpine

Highalpine refers to the uppermost ecological zone of mountains, lying above the treeline and below the nival zone. It encompasses alpine environments where conditions are too severe for tree growth and for most crops, and where vegetation is sparse and specialized. The altitude of the highalpine zone varies with latitude and aspect, but in temperate mountains it typically begins around 2,400–3,000 meters and extends to the permanent snowline.

Climate and environments: The highalpine is characterized by cold temperatures, strong winds, high UV radiation, and a short growing season. Snow cover can persist for much of the year, and soils are thin and often rocky. The landscape includes bare rock, scree, snowfields, and glaciers in many ranges.

Flora and fauna: Plant life consists of cushion-forming perennials, mosses and lichens, and a few hardy flowering species adapted to freeze-thaw cycles. Common alpine plants include Silene acaulis, Saxifraga species, and various grasses and sedges. Fauna is similarly specialized and includes species such as the alpine ibex, marmot, pika, chough, and various insects and invertebrates adapted to extreme conditions.

Human interactions and conservation: The highalpine zone is used at low intensity for activities like mountaineering, skiing, and tourism. It is particularly sensitive to climate change, land-use pressure, and disturbance from visitors. Many high-alpine areas are protected within national parks and wilderness reserves to preserve fragile ecosystems and hydrological resources.