Saxifraga

Saxifraga is a large genus of flowering plants in the family Saxifragaceae, commonly known as saxifrages or rock foils. The name derives from Latin saxum meaning rock and frangere meaning to break, a reference to their frequent growth on rocky surfaces. The genus comprises several hundred species and natural hybrids, distributed mainly in cool temperate and alpine regions of the Northern Hemisphere.

Most Saxifraga species are perennial herbs. They range from compact rosettes to creeping or stoloniferous mats. Leaves are often evergreen, with lobed or crenate margins and a pale, prominent midrib in many species. The inflorescences are typically panicles or racemes bearing small, five-petaled flowers. Colors span white, pink, red, and yellowish or greenish tones; some species bloom generously in late winter or early spring.

Habitats vary widely, from rocky cliffs, scree, and talus to damp meadows and stream banks. Many are adapted to harsh, dry, or cold conditions, while others prefer more moisture. Reproduction occurs by seed and, in several species, by vegetative means such as stolons or runners. Pollination is mainly by bees and other insects.

In cultivation, saxifrages are valued for rock gardens, alpine plantings, and ground covers. They generally require well-drained soil, cool to moderate temperatures, and protection from hot summer sun. Many species are evergreen and form dense stands; propagation is by division, offsets, or seed.

Notable species include Saxifraga oppositifolia (purple saxifrage), one of the northernmost flowering plants; Saxifraga paniculata (grey saxifrage); Saxifraga stolonifera (creeping saxifrage); and the cultivars of Saxifraga x urbium, commonly known as London pride.