Hgb

HGB commonly refers to Handelsgesetzbuch, the German Commercial Code. It is the central set of rules governing commercial law in Germany, originally enacted in the late 19th century and repeatedly amended since. The code governs merchants, commercial transactions, and the organization and conduct of business. It contains provisions on formation and representation of commercial enterprises, liability of merchants, and the rules for trading partnerships (such as OHG and KG) and corporations (such as GmbH and AG). It also regulates the Handelsregister (commercial register), commercial papers like bills of exchange and cheques, and various aspects of day-to-day commercial practice. The HGB interacts with other legal frameworks, notably the Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch (BGB) for civil law and insolvency law, and it provides the framework for financial reporting and auditing requirements for companies. It plays a central role in German and European commerce by establishing uniform rules for contracts, transactions, and the conduct of business within the jurisdiction.

Hgb is also a common abbreviation for hemoglobin, the iron-containing protein in red blood cells responsible for oxygen transport. Hemoglobin binds oxygen in the lungs and releases it to tissues throughout the body, while carrying carbon dioxide from tissues back to the lungs for exhalation. In adults, the most common form is HbA, a tetramer composed of two alpha and two beta globin chains; fetal hemoglobin (HbF) has different subunits and is gradually replaced after birth. Hemoglobin concentration is routinely measured in blood tests and expressed in grams per deciliter (g/dL). Typical normal ranges are roughly 13.8–17.2 g/dL for men and 12.1–15.1 g/dL for women, though values vary with age and altitude. Abnormal levels can indicate anemia, polycythemia, or other medical conditions.