Hereditary

Hereditary describes traits and conditions passed from parents to offspring through genetic material. In biology, these traits are encoded in DNA and transmitted during reproduction. Heritable traits range from physical features to disease susceptibility, though environmental factors often influence their expression.

The study of inheritance includes Mendelian patterns such as dominant and recessive alleles, as well as co-dominance and incomplete dominance. Some traits are transmitted through non-Mendelian mechanisms, including mitochondrial DNA, which is inherited from the mother, and Y-chromosome transmission in males. Many characteristics are polygenic, arising from multiple genes and modulated by epigenetic modifications.

Heritability is a population-level measure that estimates how much of the observable variation in a trait within a given environment is due to genetic differences. It does not predict an individual's trait or determine its fate. Estimates can vary across populations and environments.

Hereditary diseases are medical conditions with a genetic basis, such as cystic fibrosis, Huntington's disease, and sickle cell disease. Genetic testing and counseling help individuals and families assess risk and inform decisions. Advances in genomics have expanded screening and personalized medicine.

In popular culture, Hereditary is the title of a 2018 American psychological horror film by Ari Aster. The film centers on a family and has been noted for its exploration of grief, trauma, and secrets rather than traditional supernatural elements.