HbA1a

HbA1a is a specific subtype of hemoglobin A, which is the most abundant type of hemoglobin in adults. Hemoglobin is a protein found in red blood cells responsible for carrying oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues. HbA1a is formed when glucose molecules irreversibly attach to specific amino acids on the hemoglobin A molecule. This process is known as glycosylation.

The amount of HbA1a present in red blood cells is directly proportional to the average blood glucose levels over the lifespan of the red blood cell, which is approximately 120 days. Therefore, HbA1a levels serve as a long-term marker of blood sugar control. In individuals with diabetes mellitus, where blood glucose levels are chronically elevated, the proportion of HbA1a is also elevated.

Measuring HbA1a is a common diagnostic tool for diabetes and prediabetes, and it is also used to monitor the effectiveness of diabetes management strategies. Higher HbA1a levels are associated with an increased risk of developing long-term diabetes-related complications, such as cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, nerve damage, and eye problems. While HbA1a is a useful indicator, it is important to note that other factors can influence its levels, including certain genetic conditions and kidney disease.