Harbor

Harbor is a sheltered coastal body of water where ships can anchor, dock, and be protected from rough seas. Harbors may be natural, formed by coastline features, or artificial, created with breakwaters, dredged channels, and seawalls. They provide berthing space, mooring, loading and unloading facilities, and services such as fuel, repair, and provisioning. Common elements include piers, quays, docks, marinas, navigational aids, and harbor authorities that regulate operations.

Harbors support maritime activity by enabling access to inland transportation networks and markets, and by serving fishing fleets, freight terminals, and passenger terminals. Their efficiency depends on channel depth, dredging, cargo handling technology, and the coordination of pilots, tugs, cranes, and rail or road connections. Environmental and safety considerations include sediment management, water quality, habitat protection, and adherence to navigational and safety regulations.

Throughout history, harbors have been strategic centers of commerce and naval power, stimulating urban growth and globalization. Today, they range from small fishing harbors to large container ports and cruise terminals, often operated by public port authorities or private consortia.