HFCs

Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) are a class of fluorinated organic compounds that contain carbon and fluorine and do not contain chlorine. They are used primarily as refrigerants in air conditioning and heat pumps, as foam blowing agents, and in certain solvents and manufacturing processes. HFCs were developed as replacements for ozone-depleting CFCs and HCFCs because they do not deplete the stratospheric ozone layer, but they are potent greenhouse gases.

HFCs vary in chemical structure and can include single compounds such as HFC-134a (a common refrigerant) and HFC-32, as well as blends like HFC-410A. They generally have relatively high global warming potentials and can persist in the atmosphere for years to decades, contributing to long-term climate warming. Their exact environmental impact depends on the specific compound and its usage, but they are a major focus of climate policy due to their potency as greenhouse gases.

Regulatory and policy measures address the production, use, and disposal of HFCs. Internationally, the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol aims to progressively reduce HFC production and consumption. Many regions and countries have implemented national or regional rules, such as phase-down schedules and restrictions on certain high-GWP HFCs, alongside programs to promote lower-GWP alternatives and proper end-of-life management for equipment containing HFCs.

Alternatives and replacements include hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs) with lower GWPs, natural refrigerants such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and ammonia, and various low-GWP blends. Ongoing research and policy developments seek to balance effective cooling with reduced climate impact while addressing safety, efficiency, and cost considerations.