Grabung

Grabung is a German term that refers to the act of digging or excavating, most often in archaeology but also used in construction, mining, or geology. In archaeology, a Grabung denotes a controlled, systematic uncovering of subsurface layers to reveal artifacts, features, and ecofacts while recording their precise context.

Process and methods: Grabungen are typically conducted in defined grids. Excavation proceeds in stratigraphic units, with careful removal of soil by hand or with small tools to preserve context. Finds are documented with plans, photographs, and notes; materials are labeled and stored for analysis. In some cases, flotation, sieving, and sampling of organic material are used for specialized analyses. Types include open-area excavations and trench or test-pit methods, as well as rescue or recovery operations under time pressure.

Technology and practice: Modern Grabungen may incorporate non-invasive surveys (magnetometry, ground-penetrating radar), GIS, and 3D modeling. The data from Grabungen contribute to chronologies, settlement patterns, and cultural practices across time, from prehistoric to historic periods.

Legal and ethical aspects: Excavation work requires permits, adherence to national and local laws, and collaboration with museums and heritage authorities. Context preservation and responsible curation of finds are central, along with transparent publication and respect for descendant communities when applicable.

Impact: Grabungen illuminate past lifeways and landscape use, shaping historical narratives and informing preservation decisions. They are typically published as excavation reports, monographs, or articles in scientific journals.