Grünling

Grünling, or European greenfinch (Carduelis chloris), is a small passerine bird in the finch family (Fringillidae). It is widely distributed across Europe and parts of western Asia, often found in gardens, farmland, and woodlands where seeds are available. The genus placement has varied in taxonomy, but the species is commonly referred to by this German name.

Adults measure about 14–15 cm in length. They have stout, conical bills suited to seed eating, and olive-green plumage with bright yellow on the wings and rump. Males are typically more vibrant than females; juveniles and first-year birds are duller with browner tones. The plumage provides effective camouflage in hedgerows and foliage.

Distribution and habitat: The Grünling breeds across much of Europe and western Asia, favoring woodlands, hedgerows, orchards, and parkland. It winters mainly in southern parts of its range, with some individuals remaining in milder areas year-round. In urban and suburban settings, it is commonly attracted to bird feeders and gardens.

Behavior and diet: It is primarily granivorous, feeding on seeds from a variety of plants, including thistles and sunflowers, as well as buds. Insects are consumed in smaller amounts, especially during the breeding season to provide protein for nestlings. Flocks are common, particularly outside the breeding period.

Breeding: Nests are placed in shrubs or trees, and the female typically lays 3–6 eggs. Incubation lasts about 11–14 days, and fledging occurs roughly 14–16 days after hatching, with both parents involved in caring for the young.

Conservation: The Grünling is listed as Least Concern by the IUCN. While populations are stable in many areas, declines have occurred in some regions due to habitat changes and disease, notably finch trichomonosis, which affects several finch species.