Gproteiineilla
G-proteins are a family of guanine nucleotide–binding proteins that act as molecular switches to regulate intracellular signaling in response to extracellular stimuli. They participate in a wide range of cellular processes, including sensory perception, growth, metabolism, and membrane transport. The term G-proteins commonly refers to two major classes: heterotrimeric G proteins that couple to G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and the diverse family of small GTPases that control vesicle trafficking, cytoskeletal organization, and gene expression.
Heterotrimeric G proteins consist of three subunits: Gα, Gβ, and Gγ. In the resting state, the Gα
Small GTPases, including the Ras, Rho, Rab, Arf, and Ran families, act as monomeric switches. They cycle
Disruptions in G-protein signaling are implicated in various diseases and are targets for pharmacological intervention, making