Gospels

Gospels are early Christian writings that recount the life, teachings, death, and reported resurrection of Jesus and announce the good news of salvation. In the New Testament, the term most often designates the four canonical books known as the Gospels: Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John. The word gospel itself derives from Greek euangelion, meaning “good news.”

There are also other early Christian writings with “gospel” in the title, collectively referred to as apocryphal or non-canonical gospels. Examples include the Gospel of Thomas, the Gospel of Peter, and the Gospel of Mary. These texts were produced by various communities in the first centuries and reflect diverse theological perspectives; they are not considered authoritative by most Christian traditions today.

The canonical gospels differ in origin and purpose. Most scholars date Mark to about 65–70 CE, with Matthew and Luke composing after 70 CE and drawing on Mark and a hypothetical sayings collection known as Q. John is usually dated later, roughly 90–110 CE, and presents a more explicit theological emphasis. The first three gospels—the synoptic gospels—share substantial content and order, while John differs in structure and focus.

Content-wise, the gospels narrate Jesus’s public ministry, his teachings and miracles, his crucifixion, and the reported resurrection. Matthew and Luke include infancy narratives not found in Mark, while John emphasizes a high Christology and present Jesus in more contemplative discourse. The gospels have shaped Christian worship, doctrine, and ethics, and they remain central to biblical scholarship.

Scholarly study examines literary relationships, historical context, and theological aims, while apocryphal gospels offer insight into early Christian diversity and community life.